Attributes and Properties (CodeGrade)

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Learning Goals

• Differentiate between variables, attributes, and properties.
• Use the property() function to create properties and validate input.

Key Vocab

• Class: a bundle of data and functionality. Can be copied and modified to accomplish a wide variety of programming tasks.
• Initialize: create a working copy of a class using its __init__ method.
• Instance: one specific working copy of a class. It is created when a class's __init__ method is called.
• Object: the more common name for an instance. The two can usually be used interchangeably.
• Object-Oriented Programming: programming that is oriented around data (made mobile and changeable in objects) rather than functionality. Python is an object-oriented programming language.
• Function: a series of steps that create, transform, and move data.
• Method: a function that is defined inside of a class.
• Magic Method: a special type of method in Python that starts and ends with double underscores. These methods are called on objects under certain conditions without needing to use their names explicitly. Also called dunder methods (for d ouble under score).
• Attribute: variables that belong to an object.
• Property: attributes that are controlled by methods.

Introduction

So far, we've learned how to build classes and give them instance methods. We also learned how to use the __init__ magic method to instantiate objects and the self keyword to modify its attributes.

In this lesson, we will continue to explore attributes and properties, a special type of attribute.

Class Attributes vs Instance Attributes

Let's take a look at a class definition:

class Human:
    species = "Homo sapiens"
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

This class, Human, takes a name as an argument for its initialization method and saves it as an attribute of self. This attribute varies from one instance of the Human class to the next, so we call this an instance attribute.

Since species is set outside the scope of any methods, it is a class attribute. All members of the Human class have the same species, so this makes more sense than setting the same value for every new human upon instantation.

An interesting note about class attributes is that they can be accessed on the class itself, in addition to any instances:

guido = Human("Guido")
guido.species
# => Homo sapiens
Human.species
# => Homo sapiens

Since name is an instance attribute, calling it on the Human class will result in an error:

guido = Human("Guido")
guido.name
# => Guido
Human.name
# => AttributeError: type object 'Human' has no attribute 'name'

If we enter guido.nationality = "Dutch" into the interpreter, will nationality be a class or instance attribute?

Instance Attribute

Because it is assigned to an object, it is an instance attribute.

The Human class remains unchanged.

Setting and Getting Attributes

Many programming languages opt to protect their objects' attributes and methods (members). They accomplish this by making the distinction between public, private, and protected. These terms are good to know, as you will almost certainly encounter them in your software career:

• Public members are available to anyone that can access the class.
• Private members are available to the class that instantiated them.
• Protected members are available to the class that instantiated them and any object that inherits from that class, but is not accessible otherwise.

Python does not make the distinction between public, private, and protected. This makes it very easy for us to manipulate the members of a class or object with dot notation:

class Human:
    species = "Homo sapiens"
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

guido = Human("Guido")
guido.species
# => Homo sapiens
guido.name
# => Guido

# Changing species and name using dot notation
guido.species = "Python programmer"
guido.name = "Guido van Rossum"

guido.species
# => Python programmer
guido.name
# => Guido van Rossum

# Adding new attributes using dot notation
guido.nationality = "Dutch"
guido.nationality
# => Dutch

Because it is so simple to modify the attributes of classes and objects in Python, it is very rare that we write extra code to get or set attributes.

Python also provides us a few built-in functions to manipulate attributes:

• getattr() retrieves the value of an attribute.
• setattr() changes the value of an attribute, just as you would with dot notation.
• hasattr() checks for the presence of an attribute.
• delattr() removes an attribute from a class or object.

You might be wondering at this point why getattr() and setattr() even exist when dot notation can be used to accomplish the same tasks:

# Getting
guido.name
# => Guido van Rossum
getattr(guido, "name")
# => Guido van Rossum

#Setting
guido.nationality = "Dutch"
setattr(guido, "nationality", "Dutch")

The value in Python's attr() functions comes in their ability to create, retrieve, update, and delete attributes for which the names are unknown.

NOTE: getattr() also allows us to provide an optional third argument as a default value if the attribute does not exist.

my_attr = "is_a_friend"
getattr(guido, my_attr, False)
# => False

# Oh no! Let's try again.
setattr(guido, my_attr, True)
getattr(guido, my_attr, False)
# => True

Which attr() function checks for the presence of an attribute?

hasattr()

hasattr() checks for the presence of an attribute and returns True or False.

Properties

Python's flexibility with respect to members of classes and objects is very useful to us, but sometimes we need to prepare for bad actors (like me, right now):

# Setting Guido's age
guido.age = False

It is always best practice to make our code as descriptive and easy to interpret as possible. Still, there are people who may not understand what we intended or who want to break our program. It's clear that we want Guido's age to be a numerical value between 0 and some reasonable upper limit (we'll say 120). When we need to make sure an attribute meets a certain set of criteria, we need to configure it as a property.

Properties in Python are attributes that are controlled by methods. The function of these methods is to make sure that the value of our property makes sense. We can configure properties using our knowledge of object-oriented programming and Python's built-in property() function. Open up the Python shell or a Python file to follow along:

class Human:
    species = "Homo sapiens"

    def __init__(self, age):
        self.age = age

    def get_age(self):
        print("Retrieving age.")
        return self._age

    def set_age(self, age):
        print(f"Setting age to { age }")
        self._age = age

    age = property(get_age, set_age)

Let's break this down a bit:

• get_age() is compiled by the property function and prints "Retrieving age" when we access age through dot notation or an attr() function.
• set_age() is compiled by the property() function and prints "Setting age to { age }" when we change our human's age.
• The property() function compiles our getter and setter and calls them whenever anyone accesses our human's age.

Notice the single underscore we place before the age attribute. This tells other Python programmers that this is meant to be treated as a private member of the class. It is not truly private, but it is a way to tell your coworkers that this is a property and there are methods that depend on its name and values.

NOTE: This is still not a true private value; you can still manipulate it with dot notation and attr() functions (though you shouldn't!)

There's still a problem- we're not checking if the age is a number between 0 and 120. Let's make one last change to finish our Human class:

class Human:
    species = "Homo sapiens"

    def __init__(self, age):
        self.age = age

    def get_age(self):
        print("Retrieving age.")
        return self._age

    def set_age(self, age):
        if (type(age) in (int, float)) and (0 <= age <= 120):
            print(f"Setting age to { age }.")
            self._age = age

        else:
            print("Age must be a number between 0 and 120.")

    age = property(get_age, set_age)

Now we have a proper property set up. Let's make sure it works:

guido = Human(age=67)
# => Setting age to 67.
guido.age = 0
# => Setting age to 0.
guido.age = False
# => Age must be a number between 0 and 120
guido.age = 66
# => Setting age to 66.
guido.age
# => Retrieving age.
# => 66

When should you configure a property instead of using a standard attribute?

When you need to validate input.

By default, Python allows us to change any attribute to any value. If we need an attribute to be within a certain range of values and we cannot guarantee this will happen, we should configure a property.

For more on properties, check out the Python 3 documentation on the property() function Links to an external site..

Instructions

Fork and clone the lab and run pytest -x. To get the tests passing, you will need to complete the following tasks:

Dog and lib/dog.py

1. Define a name property for your Dog class. The name must be of type str and between 1 and 25 characters. Your __init__ method should receive a default argument for name.
   • If the name is invalid, the setter method should print() "Name must be string between 1 and 25 characters."
2. Define a breed property for your Dog class. Your __init__ method should receive a default argument for breed.
   • If the breed is invalid, the setter method should print() "Breed must be in list of approved breeds." The breed must be in the following list of dog breeds:

approved_breeds = ["Mastiff", "Chihuahua", "Corgi", "Shar Pei", "Beagle", "French Bulldog", "Pug", "Pointer"]

Person and lib/person.py

1. Define a name property for your Person class. The name must be of type str and between 1 and 25 characters. The name should be converted to title case Links to an external site. before it is saved. Your __init__ method should receive a default argument for name.
   • If the name is invalid, the setter method should print() "Name must be string between 1 and 25 characters."
2. Define a job property for your Person class. Your __init__ method should receive a default argument for job.
   • If the job is invalid, the setter method should print() "Job must be in list of approved jobs." The job must be in the following list of jobs:

approved_jobs = ["Admin", "Customer Service", "Human Resources", "ITC", "Production", "Legal", "Finance", "Sales", "General Management", "Research & Development", "Marketing", "Purchasing"]

NOTE: Because we want to instantiate our Dogs and People with their properties, remember to include set values in __init__() using the property name and not the protected attribute name.

Conclusion

Python allows us to manipulate objects very easily with dot notation and its built-in attr() functions. This flexibility makes it very easy to accomplish any number of tasks, but there are times when we need to be more selective about the types of changes that are saved to our objects and classes. Python's property() function gives us the ability to validate attributes before they are saved to the classes and objects we've worked so hard to make.

Resources

• Class and Instance Attributes - Real Python Links to an external site.
• Property - Python Documentation Links to an external site.
• Python property() function - GeeksforGeeks Links to an external site.